Comprehensive comparison of three hereditary cerebral small vessel diseases: genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features, neuroimaging, diagnosis, and treatment — Updated 2025
| Feature | CADASIL | CARASAL | CARASIL |
|---|---|---|---|
| Onset age | 30s–50s | 40s–50s | 20s–40s |
| Inheritance | Autosomal Dominant | Autosomal Dominant | Autosomal Recessive |
| Migraine with aura | Very common | Common | Less common |
| Ischemic stroke / TIA | Very common | Common | Common |
| Cognitive decline | Very common | Common | Common |
| Mood / psychiatric | Common (apathy, depression) | Behavioral disinhibition | Depression, emotional lability |
| Gait disturbance | Common | Reported | Common |
| Central facial palsy | Not typical | Distinctive feature! | Not typical |
| Facial pain / Trigeminal | Not typical | Distinctive feature! | Not typical |
| REM sleep behavior disorder | Not typical | Distinctive feature! | Not typical |
| Alopecia (ผมร่วง) | Not typical | Not typical | Distinctive feature! |
| Spondylosis / Lumbago | Not typical | Not typical | Distinctive feature! |
| Seizures | Possible | Not reported | Possible |
| MRI Finding | CADASIL | CARASAL | CARASIL |
|---|---|---|---|
| White matter hyperintensities | Diffuse, early | Severe, broad | Diffuse |
| Subcortical lacunar infarcts | Multiple, recurrent | Present | Present |
| Temporal pole involvement | Characteristic & specific! | Absent / minimal | Not prominent |
| External capsule lesions | Characteristic | Variable | Variable |
| Brainstem involvement | Periventricular | Common | Common |
| Basal ganglia | Common | Common | Common |
| Corpus callosum | Common | Less prominent | Common |
| Cerebral microbleeds | 30-70% of patients | More than CADASIL | Present |
| Brain atrophy | Early, frontotemporal | Reported | Reported |
| GOM on skin biopsy | Hallmark feature ✓ | Absent ✗ | Absent ✗ |
| CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing | กำลังพัฒนา — แก้ไข NOTCH3 mutation ที่ต้นเหตุ |
| Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) | ลด NOTCH3ECD accumulation — อยู่ในขั้นตอนวิจัย |
| NOTCH3 Antibody Therapy | กำจัด GOM deposits จากผนังหลอดเลือด |
| Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy | ซ่อมแซม VSMCs ที่เสียหาย |
| TGF-β Targeted Therapy | ลด vascular fibrosis — อาจใช้ได้กับทั้ง CADASIL และ CARASAL |
| Parameter | CADASIL | CARASAL | CARASIL |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene | NOTCH3 | CTSA | HTRA1 |
| Chromosome | 19p13 | 20q13 | 10q26 |
| Inheritance | Autosomal Dominant | Autosomal Dominant | Autosomal Recessive |
| Prevalence | 0.8–5 / 100,000 | ~19 ราย (ultra-rare) | <100 ราย (rare) |
| First described | 1977 | 2016 | 1975 (Japan) |
| Onset | 30s–50s | 40s–50s | 20s–40s |
| GOM on biopsy | Yes — hallmark | No | No |
| Most distinctive feature | Migraine with aura + temporal pole MRI | Central facial palsy + REM sleep disorder | Alopecia + spondylosis + lumbago |
| Ethnicity | ทุก ethnicity | Dutch (mostly) | East Asian (Japanese, Chinese) |
| Specific treatment | None yet (emerging) | None yet | None yet |